I was able to view your forwarded email in gmail with no problems, links and all. Thanks for passing that along. From what I've been reading there are various known bugs in Outlook concerning links inside tables (which is what I use), but looking at your screenshot it almost looks to me like the email is not correctly rendering as html. This is something that is supposed to be cued by information in the headers, which I see being written (confirmed in the debugger), but I'm not sure about the character encoding.
I think what I'll do next is try swapping out my email class for another popular one that is a bit more battled-hardened, and we'll see if we have more luck.